Egwu bụ ụdị ngwá ọrụ ugbo maka ala akọ. Ọ na-enwe agụba dị arọ na nsọtụ osisi, nke a na-ejikọkarị ya na otu anụ ụlọ ma ọ bụ ụgbọ ala na-adọkpụrụ ya. Ọ bụkwa ike mmadụ na-akwali ya. A na-eji ya agbajisị ihe mgbochi ala ma na-akụ ahịhịa iji kwadebe maka ịgha mkpụrụ.
Ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ na Mesopotemia na Ijipt malitere iji ihe ọkụkụ na-anwale ihe dị ka afọ 5500 gara aga. A na-eji akụkụ osisi ndị yiri Y eme ihe ogè mbụ, a kpụrụ akụkụ alaka nke ala ka ọ bụrụ isi a kapịrị ọnụ, na alaka abụọ ndị dị elu ka a bụ aka abụọ. Kee ihe ubi na eriri wee dọpụta ya n'otu ehi. Ọnụ ọnụ ahụ na-ekpochapụ ọwa mmiri dị warara na-emighị emi n'ime ala. Ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike iji aka ha kwọọ ihe ubi.
N'ihe dị ka afọ 3000 BC, a na-emezigharị ihe ọkụkụ ahụ, na-eme ka ọnụ ọnụ ya ghọọ "ploughshare" nke nwere ike imeghe ala nke ọma karị, na-agbakwụnye efere ala nwere mmasị nke nwere ike ịkwanye ala n'akụkụ.
Ala China siri na Leihe pụta. Na mbụ, a ka nwere ike ịkpọ ya "LEIYU". Mgbe o jisịrị ehi dọpụta Leibo, ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ kewapụ ihe ubi na Leibo, nke nwere aha kwesịrị ekwesị nke "ihe ubi". Ogwu a pụtara na usoro ndị eze Shang ma enwere ike ịhụ ya n'ihe odide ọkpụkpụ. Ngwongwo n'oge mbụ dị n'ụdị na usoro. Ọkpụkpụ ígwè pụtara site n'oge ikpeazụ nke Western Zhou Dynasty ruo n'oge opupu ihe ubi na n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, a na-ejikwa ehi dọpụta ihe ubi. N'ime usoro ndị eze ọdịda anyanwụ Han, otu okporo osisi kwụ ọtọ pụtara, nke nwere naanị mkpịsị ahịhịa na aka aka. N'ebe a na-enwe ụkọ ehi, a na-eji "ihe ọkụkụ na-azọ ụkwụ" eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe. Taa, e nwere ihe ndị na-azọcha ahịhịa na mpaghara agbụrụ dị nta na Sichuan, Guizhou na mpaghara ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọkwa ogbe ahịhịa “Min” na “ụkwụ”. Mgbe a na-eji ya eme ihe, jiri ụkwụ gị kwụsie ike iji nweta mmetụta nke ịtụgharị ala. Song na Zhou qufei's "n'èzí ugwu. Ịza omenala obodo n'aha ndị ọzọ":
Ogwe osisi a dị ka ngaji, ọ dịkwa ihe dị ka kubit isii n'ogologo. Na njedebe nke crossbar, ihe karịrị otu ụkwụ, aka abụọ a ejidekwara. N'etiti ploughshares, a na-etinye obere aka n'aka ekpe, nke bụkwa ebe mpaghara aka ekpe na-aga. N'ime mkpirisi ihe ubi, a na-etinye obere aka n'aka ekpe, ebe ụkwụ aka ekpe na-arịgo bụkwa ụbọchị ise nke ịzọcha ihe ubi nwere ike ịbụ ụbọchị ehi na-akọ ihe, nke na-adịghị omimi dị ka ala.
Na Sui na Tang Dynasties, nhazi nke ihe ubi a na-emeziwanye nke ọma, na yuan plow gbagọrọ agbagọ pụtara. Na mgbakwunye na ogwe aka nke ihe ubi, e nwekwara mgbidi osisi, akụ akụ na ọkwa ọkwa. Dị ka Lu guimeng's leidan Sutra si kwuo, e nwere akụkụ 11 e ji osisi na ígwè mee, bụ́ ndị nwere ike ịchịkwa ma mezie ịdị omimi nke ịkọ ihe. Ọ dị kuku 2.3 n'ogologo na nnukwu nnukwu ibu. Naanị ehi abụọ nwere ike dọkpụrụ ya. Ụlọ ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere eme nke China nwere ihe atụ nke ịkọ ahịhịa nke Tang Dynasty. Ụkpụrụ ya bụ nke igwe na-eduzi moldboard pough taa nakweere. E jiri ya tụnyere ụgbụ yuan kwụ ọtọ na Western Han Dynasty, Qu Yuan plow na Tang Dynasty mụbara nleba anya ịkọ ugbo, nke nwere ike gboo mkpa dị iche iche nke ịkụ ala miri emi na ịkọ nkọ; E meziri mgbidi a na-akọ ihe. N'ime usoro ndị eze Tang, mgbidi a na-akọ ihe dị okirikiri, nke nwere ike ịkwapụ ala ahụ a tụgharịrị n'akụkụ, belata nkwụsi ike na-aga n'ihu, ma kwatuo ngọngọ nke ala iji bepụ ata ahịhịa.
Ugbo ala e ji eme ihe na Europe oge ochie agbanwebeghị nke ukwuu kemgbe afọ ọla kọpa. Naanị ọnụ olulu ejirila ígwè dochie osisi kemgbe narị afọ nke iri BC. N'oge a, onye na-akụ ihe na-ebuli ihe ubi ahụ n'ịdị elu, nke chọrọ ike dị ukwuu. Oghere ndị a kpara akpa na-esighị ike ma ọ bụ miri emi nke ukwuu, n'ihi ya, a ga-akụ ha ugboro abụọ. Mgbe ị na-akọ ihe ngafe nke abụọ, mepụta akụkụ ziri ezi na ntụzịaka nke ngafe nke mbụ.
Na Europe, a na-eji ụdị ihe ọkụkụ ọhụrụ eme ihe kemgbe narị afọ mbụ BC. Ọ nwere wiil iji chịkwaa omimi nke ịkọ ihe, nke na-echekwa mgbalị onye na-akọ ugbo. Ọkụkụ ọhụrụ ahụ nwere mma ịkọ ala iji gbutu ala na template iji tụgharịa ala. The furrow dị omimi ma dị mma, nke na-anọchi anya usoro ịkọ ugbo gara aga. Ugbo ala ọhụrụ ahụ dị arọ karịa nke ochie, ọ na-achọkwa mgbalị siri ike iji dọpụta ya, ya mere ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eji ehi na-akọ ihe. Ịkpa ugbo malitere na narị afọ nke iri na nke iri na otu.
A ka na-eji ugbo ala eme ihe n'ọtụtụ akụkụ ụwa, gụnyere China.
A na-akpọkwa ngwá ọrụ ndị yiri ihe e ji agụ ihe “ploughs”.
Oge nzipu: Mar-18-2022